The Molly Maguires march to their death
On 21st June 1877, in the anthracite-mining county of Schuylkill, Pennsylvania, ten Irish immigrant men alleged to have been members of an oath-bound secret sect of vigilantes called the Molly Maguires were hanged in what came to be known as “The Day of the Rope”. Twenty members of the group in all would be executed, following a kangaroo court that American historian John Elliot called “one of the most disgraceful episodes in the history of the bench and bar in the United States.” Oppression, exploitation, racial and ethnic bigotry, strikes and union-busting are common enough themes in the American labour movement. But the story of the Molly Maguires and the ruling class’s attempts to destroy these Irish workers is so especially contemptible it has achieved legendary status. Did the so-called Molly Maguires – said to be part of the Ancient Order of Hibernians – even exist?
Molly Maguire might have been a real woman or she may have been a myth. Whatever the truth, she served as an Irish talisman against agrarian oppression in 1840s Ireland. In the wake of famine and land seizures, her symbolic spirit was relocated to the United States – along with two million Irish emigrants. But for these new hopefuls in the land of opportunity, “Irish Need Not Apply” regularly appeared alongside “Help Wanted” ads. For many, the only option was the brutal coalmines of Pennsylvania. The conditions were perilous, the pay pitiful. Workers lived in homes owned by the mining companies, forced to buy all their supplies from company-owned shops at inflated prices, leaving them in debt and enslaved to their employers.
In spite of hazardous conditions that regularly led to death tolls in the hundreds, the mining industry fiercely resisted unionisation. In 1874–1875, after Pennsylvanian coal-miners went on strike, the Molly Maguires allegedly began sabotaging mining equipment and facilities – detonating bombs along rail lines, roads and bridges so that mine owners couldn’t bring in replacement workers. The ruling class called it terrorism, others called it resistance. Industrial leader Franklin B. Gowen called in the notorious Pinkerton Detective Agency, who hired an Irish American to infiltrate the miners. Over the course of two years, James McParlan – under the alias James McKenna – befriended the Irish community, all the while gathering the evidence that would eventually hang twenty men.
The trials – conducted in an atmosphere of religious and social bigotry fuelled by the national press – were a travesty of justice, and a surrender of state sovereignity. The defendants were arrested by the private police force of Franklin B. Gowen, the same industrial magnate who’d financed the Pinkerton operation. They were convicted on the evidence of an agent provocateur, supplemented by the confessions of several informers who turned state’s evidence to save their own necks. Defense witnesses were blacklisted, evicted from their homes, cut off at the company store and in some cases imprisoned. Catholics were barred from the Jury, while many of the selected jurors were so anti-Irish that they pre-determined a guilty verdict. Most of the prosecuting attorneys worked for the railroads and mining companies. And Franklin B. Gowen himself appeared as the star prosecutor at several trials – his courtroom speeches rushed into print as popular pamphlets. Even by nineteenth-century standards, the arrests, trials, and executions were flagrant in their abuse of judicial procedure and their flaunting of corporate power. Yet only a handful of dissenting voices were to be heard, chiefly those of labour radicals. The Philadelphia Public Ledger encapsulated the national feeling when it previewed Black Thursday as a “day of deliverance from as awful a despotism of banded murderers as the world has ever seen in any age.”
Following the executions, nothing more was heard of the Molly Maguires. No admission of vigilantism was ever offered from the Irish American coal-mining community and, if the Molly Maguires ever existed, they left no evidence of themselves. The only accounts were written by those with hostile interests.
Thirteen years after the Day of the Rope, the unions prevailed and the United Mine Workers was created. Unable to cope with the prospect of treating workers well, Franklin Gowen committed suicide. Several years later, evidence surfaced that suggested Gowen had been behind many of the acts of sabotage attributed to the Molly Maguires. In 1979, a posthumous pardon was granted for the Mollies, with Governor Milton Shapp denouncing Gowen’s “fervent desire to wipe out any signs of resistance in the coal fields.”
All Pennsylvanians, he said, should pay tribute to “these martyred men of labor.”
Muy bueno este recuerdo de mártires, que no se hace la mínima mención en el estudio de la historia en las escuelas: es hora (es tarde) que salgan a la luz estos crímenes de la humanidad para ver si se pueden frenar los actuales crímenes de guerra, de trata de personas, de comercio de droga y de cualquier otra adicción (tabaco, jugo de azar…)
Gracias, Michele Pessuto. Las historias olvidadas son mis favoritos para escribir. 🙂
This disgraceful episode brings to my mind the dreary reality of the 1870s (much further west though) so evocatively depicted in the masterpiece of pop-culture historical fiction – Deadwood…
Was not the last disgraceful episode. “Duffey’s Cut” at mile marker 59 on the rail leading out of Philadelphia, near Conshohocken, is the grave of a number of Irish immigrants that worked the rail in that area. An outbreak of Cholera lead people in the area to blame the Irish workers. Men, women, and children were killed execution style.
A brilliant piece of historical writing – thank you!
Conan-Doyle in his Valley of Fear told also this story from the point of view of the mine owning magnates making the union men, as Dorian pointed, look like terrorists. Great blog.
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I am related to one of the Molly Maguire’s Edward Kelly. He was my Grandmother’s great uncle. She lived in Ashland, Pa. and her name was Gertrude Kelly until she married a McGinley.
Good morning,
I am also a relative to Edward Kelly on my mother’s side of the family. He was about a 1st cousin 4x removed (I think). I have Edward as the grandson of Mike Kelly (the immigrant Kelly) of Parish Kilconnell, Co. Galway, Ireland about 1840. Contact me if you’d like to compare information on the Kellys.
Kathryn Kelley Keating
kay.keating@gmail.com
Is there any connections between a John Kelly born around 1866 in carbon county.
He’s also my relation. He was my grandmothers brothers cousin 64 times removed
I am a relative of Dennis Bucky Donnelly, he was my great grandmothers brother, my name is Bridget, I was named after my great grandma…..Her name was Bridget Donnelly Tierney. LONG LIVE IRELAND……..EMERALD!!!
Any relation to the Donnelly’s of southwestern Ontario? https://www.amazon.ca/Donnellys-Must-Die-Orlo-Miller/dp/0470840552
I am also relataed to Dennis Donnelly. His wife, Mary Mame Kelly Donnelly was my great great aunt. I am trying to learn all I can about the Molly Maguires, as they are represented as both villains and heroes.
I am the great granddaughter of Dennis “Bucky” Donnelly and am named for his daughter, Alicia Donnelly.
THANKS TO THE SACRIFICE OF THESE MEN AND MANY OTHERS SUCH AS THEM IN THE EARLY LABOR MOVEMENT WE ALL REAP THE BENEFITS OF A LIVABLE WAGE,MEDICAL BENEFITS,WEEKEND’S OFF, EIGHT HOUR WORK DAY,VACATION,PENSION,AND THE PRIDE THAT COMES WITH BEING ABLE TO TAKE CARE OF YOUR FAMILY. SOLIDARITY FOREVER…
MAY THEY REST IN PEACE.
my great great grandfather ‘s best man at his wedding was alexander campbello
of jim thorpe. they were maried at st. joseph’s church, summit hillh
Great piece. It’s hard to even imagine the hardships they had to endure back then with all the luxury’s we have today and having a choice to what career path we want in life today. I am proud to say that my great grandfather jack kehoe did not die in vain and so much has come from his death along with the other men that were hung with him. My uncle Joseph Wayne fought hard to get that pardon from Governor Shapp and from what I was told it was the last thing the Governor did before leaving office because of fear of any repercussions for doing so. Even in 1979. Which is hard to imagine but I guess people that were powerful back then still maybe even today.
I always felt John Kehoe and the guys were railroaded by the coal agency. The railroads, the coal owners, the doctors and lawyers of the coal regions always kept the coal areas suppressed. After the hangings, their stranglehold kept out unions, progress, and maintained such a hold on the Anthracite area that it remained a depressed area even to this day. Towns like Tamaqua never became areas where the young wanted to live and stay.
It is not quite accurate to say the Mollies disappeared after the trrials and hangings.
I’ve known people who lived in the coal fields who verified the “spirit” of the Mollies lasted many years after the executions. I believe, after much reading and speaking with these older folks, that Gowan, MacParlan & Co. concocted the Molly Maguires to validate their persecution of the miners who were pushing for better conditions. What they didn’t expect was their myth taking on a life of its own and lasting well into the early 1900s.
was a great film i saw years back , the molly mcguires , with sean connery. anyone rem.
I am a grand nephew of Alec Campbell, author of A Molly Maguire Story Revised Edition, available on Amazon Books. The Sean Connery movie on the Mollies is not based on the reality of the Mollie era. It is a sanatised Hollywood version of the era.
I have read A Molly Maguire Story. I don’t think it is the revised edition but it was written by you. I found it in my district library. I have used some of the facts you gave in my history day project. Thank you for all the great information.
Patrick, I read your book. Your great uncle was married to Mary Breslin I believe. I am a Breslin who has been working on family history and trying to connect family history with-mollies with which I have been told we are connected. My Breslin family (Michael) who had 17 children lived in Cass Township in 1850s onward and were miners. Do you have information on the Breslin’s.
Patrick, I read your book. I believe Alec was married to Mary Breslin. I am a Breslin and know that my great grandfather, Michael, had 17 children. They lived in Cass Township in 1860s. Do you have information on the many Breslins who lived in that area. I have been told that my family had a connection with the Mollies. My grandfather, Edward, one of the 17 children, was a member of the AOH.
always around this time of the year march 17 , family celebrates its irish heritage . so many records have been lost hard to trace . legend has it great grandfather mike reddy 7 or 8 years left coal regions in company of his older brother thomas reddy who was involved somehow . young mike posing as his son ! as according to story people were looking for a single unaccompanied man . they changed their name to kelly . for the escape . its not understood about the name change why the name kelly was used as it was an edward kelly that was hung . of course all the people who had direct knowledge of these matters long gone . when my dad was young living in rahway nj the family would get occasional visits from relatives from pa . i believe from tamaqua and or shennandoah areas . he and other youngsters usually hustled out of the room while the adults would talk . but my dad got the impression they were not to hear what was being said . anyone have any info on reddy s i’d like to hear of it